Energy

Energy is required to move or heat an object. The laws of physics state that matter cannot be created or destroyed and only converted between mass and energy (e=mc2). Living organisms require energy to live, move, function and stay alive. Technology needs energy to function.

There are four fundamental states of matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. There are four fundamental forces: electromagnetic, gravitational, weak and strong interaction (nuclear). Energy is carried by these forces, or is released when forces (that hold matter together) are broken. The strong force is approximately 137 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak force, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation.

Energy is measures in joules (J) which is the energy transferred to, or work done on an object. A watt (W) is 1 joule per second, used to quantify the rate of energy transfer or flux. For example, a supernova blast can release around 1044W of heat energy.

The explosive yield of TNT is used to compare the energy yield and therefore destructiveness of explosives. For example, a nuclear bomb can yield 1 kiloton of TNT.

Non-renewable energy
These are non-renewable or natural resources that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption.

Renewable energy
Renewable energy is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale.

As of 2018, total energy generated and consumed by mankind is 18.4 TW which leads to 0.73 on the Kardashev scale. In comparison 100 to 140 TW of energy gets captured by plant photosynthesis, out of a total of 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. Of the 340 W/m2 of solar radiation received by the top of Earth's atmosphere (TOA), about 100 W/m2 is reflected back to space, leaving 240 W/m2 of solar energy input to the Earth.

In spite of the enormous transfers of energy into and from the Earth, it maintains a relatively constant temperature because there is little net gain or loss. Earth emits via atmospheric and terrestrial radiation to space about the same amount of energy as it receives via all forms of electromagnetic radiation, so Earth's energy budget has a net zero gain.

Exotic energy
Exotic energy is the term to classify all types of 'unnatural' energy that follow the new laws of physics once the quantum dimension (7d) is discovered. All these energy types have an associated exotic matter.

Exotic energy generation
Compare: Magic