Black hole

Naturally occurring black holes are objects in space that are so dense that within a certain radius (the Schwarzschild radius which creates an event horizon), its gravitational field does not let even light escape. They are formed from the collapse of a giant star in a supernova explosion. For a typical black hole with a mass of 10x Sol, the Schwarzschild radius is approximately 30 km. Any object falling into black hole will be ripped apart by tidal forces before crossing the event horizon. The centres of many galaxies contain supermassive black holes, which formed in the earliest period of the galaxies' existence.

A white hole is a region of spacetime with a singularity that cannot be entered from the outside, although energy-matter, light and information can escape from it. In is therefore the reverse of a black hole, which can be entered only from the outside and from which energy-matter, light and information cannot escape. White holes and black holes work together to form wormholes.

Artificial black holes can be made in various ways, such as using a very powerful explosion to implode a large object or wormhole, or blowing up a star, or striking objects with impactors moving close to the speed of light.

While no energy can escape from beyond the event horizon around the black hole, energy is released from the material as it falls in. Accretion onto a black hole is a very efficient process for emitting energy from matter, releasing up to 40% of the rest mass energy of the material falling in. Only an antimatter-matter collision is more efficient (100%).

Black holes have many important industrial uses, including power generation in Hawking's Knots, the production of gravity wells for artificial planets, enhanced space-time curvature generation, and deep space garbage disposal.

When the Hawking's Knot is "closed" or "tied," the distortion field works to redirect the flow of radiation back into the hole, thus maintaining its mass and preventing it from evaporating completely. When the Knot is "opened," the space-time metric is modulated to segregate antiparticles from particles and channel these away from the Knot to receiver/storage devices. Since this results in a decrease in the mass of the black hole, a constant stream of "feeder" particles is required to prevent the Knot from evaporating.