A quantum is the minimum amount of matter involved in an energetic interaction. For example, a photon is a single quantum of light or of any other form of electromagnetic radiation. The energy of an electron bound within an atom is quantized. Quantization of energy and how energy and matter interact is part of the fundamental understanding of nature.
As science advanced, quanta meant different things:
- Quanta of electricity (electrons), was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect.
- In 1905, Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light."
- From 1900 onwards, quantization of radiation was discovered by Planck, who had been trying to understand black-body radiation. He observed that energy could be absorbed or released only in tiny, differential, discrete packets (which he called "bundles", or "energy elements"). As a result, Planck deduced the Planck constant, and reported other values for the unit of electrical charge and the the number of real molecules in a mole. After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1918. This led to the study of quantum mechanics and is the basis for many areas of modern science, such as quantum computers, entanglement and teleportation.
This paper attempts to explain why the Planck mass is so large compared to other fundamental particles. Each time the indivisible particles that make an electron (for example) have traveled the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron, they counter-strike. The electron is therefore in a mass state only a fraction of the time. This is why the Planck mass can be so enormous compared to the electron rest-mass and still make up the electron as well as any other subatomic particle. The number of uncertain transitions between mass and energy for an electron is 7.76 x 1020 times per second. An electron is only 9.109 x 10-31 kg, or 2.389x1022 particles per Planck mass.
The fabric of reality is composed of quanta, which are indivisible packets of matter/energy discovered at different periods of scientific advancement, as the Laws of Physics changed:
- A 4D reality is made up of 1D quantum strings and foam, which are at Planck sizes, and interconnected by quantum entanglement.
- A 5D reality has the graviton (the quantum of gravity) , at 1.07×10−67 kg, where dimensions are rolled up into tiny, compactified loops.
- At 6D the Theory of Everything was discovered, that standardized the interactions between all four forces of nature: gravity, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic force. The quantum is still the graviton.
- A 7D reality has a new quantum dimension with new fundamental forces, and new laws of physics. The size and name of this quantum is to be determined.
- The 7D quantum is the same in all further reality, including the hyperverse.
- The quantum of surreality is unknown, but it is likely an exotic form of matter/energy.
- The final quantum is in the outerverse which is unbound by the idea of dimensions. An outerverse particle is therefore an empty dimension in reality. The nature of this quantum is not known.